Ishishini 4.0 lenze inkqubela ebonakalayo eUnited States, ngamashishini angaphezu kwama-36,500 okulungisa ukutya neziselo.Uxhulumaniso lomatshini ukuya kumatshini (M2M), idatha enkulu kunye nokufunda komatshini kwamkelwa ngokukhawuleza ukuphucula inzuzo kwishishini esele libonakaliswe yimida ephantsi.Ukusuka kwishedyuli yogcino oluqikelelweyo kunye nokubekwa kweliso kwisixokelelwano sobonelelo ukuya ekuveliseni idatha yokulandela umkhondo kwiimfuno zikarhulumente, iShishini 4.0 liphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwishishini lonke.Idatha eqokelelwe kwi-smart sensors kwimigangatho yefektri ihlahlelwa ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ukuhambelana kwencasa, ulawulo lolungiselelo, uqikelelo lobomi beshelufu yemveliso, ukuchaneka kokupakishwa, kunye nokhuseleko lwabasebenzi.
Ngelixa ishishini lokutya nesiselo (i-F&B) lisalele emva kwee-automakers kunye nabavelisi bamandla ekwamkeleni i-Industry 4.0, alikho elinye icandelo leshishini elinokuxhamla ngakumbi kulo. Ngelixa ishishini lokutya nesiselo (i-F&B) lisalele emva kwee-automakers kunye nabavelisi bamandla ekwamkeleni i-Industry 4.0, alikho elinye icandelo leshishini elinokuxhamla ngakumbi kulo. В то время как индустрия продуктов питания и напитков (F&B) отстала от автопроизводителей и производителей энергии в принясти, Инкаясти в принясти, Инкаяти сль не может извлечь из этого больше пользы. Ngelixa umzi-mveliso wokutya nesiselo (i-F&B) usalele ngasemva kwee-automakers kunye nabavelisi bamandla ekwamkeleni i-Industry 4.0, alikho elinye ishishini eliza kuxhamla ngakumbi. Nangona amashishini okutya kunye nesiselo (i-F&B) ephambi kwabenzi beemoto kunye nabavelisi bamandla ngokwemiqathango ye-春抱工业4.0, alikho elinye icandelo leshishini elinokuxhamla ngakumbi kulo. В то время как индустрия продуктов питания и напитков (F&B) отстает от автопроизводителей и производителей энергикаи в принясти, Иоргий в приняти расль не может извлечь из этого больше пользы. Ngelixa umzi-mveliso wokutya nesiselo (i-F&B) usalele ngasemva kwee-automakers kunye nabavelisi bamandla ekwamkeleni i-Industry 4.0, alikho elinye ishishini eliza kuxhamla ngakumbi. Itekhnoloji entsha yedijithali ngoku inceda ishishini le-F&B liphendule ngobuchule ekutshintsheni iimfuno zabathengi kunye namathuba avelayo. Itekhnoloji entsha yedijithali ngoku inceda ishishini le-F&B liphendule ngobuchule ekutshintsheni iimfuno zabathengi kunye namathuba avelayo.Itekhnoloji entsha yedijithali ngoku inceda imboni yokutya kunye nesiselo ukuba iphendule ngokukhawuleza kwiimfuno zabathengi kunye namathuba amatsha.Ngoku, itekhnoloji entsha yedijithali inceda ishishini lokutyela ukuba liphendule ngokulula kwiimfuno zabathengi kunye namathuba avelayo.Ubuchwephesha bewebhu bukwavumela ishishini ukuba lithobele imithetho engqongqo karhulumente malunga nokhuseleko lokutya, ukulandeleka, ixabiso lesondlo kunye nozinzo.Ukongeza, ivumela iinkampani ukuba zithole inzuzo yokukhuphisana ngokusebenzisa uhlalutyo olusebenzayo ukwenza izigqibo zokuphucula imveliso kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza.
Enye yezinto ezixhalabisayo ezibambe ishishini le-F&B umva ekwamkeleni ngokupheleleyo iShishini 4.0 bubuthathaka obucingelwayo bezixhobo zothungelwano lwemizi-mveliso. Enye yezinto ezixhalabisayo ezibambe ishishini le-F&B umva ekwamkeleni ngokupheleleyo iShishini 4.0 bubuthathaka obucingelwayo bezixhobo zothungelwano lwemizi-mveliso.Omnye wemiba ethe yagcina ishishini lokutya neziselo ukuba lamkele ngokupheleleyo iShishini 4.0 bubuthathaka obubonwayo bezixhobo zothungelwano lwemizi-mveliso.Omnye wemiba ethintela ishishini lokutyela ekubeni lamkele ngokupheleleyo iShishini 4.0 kukuba sesichengeni kwezixhobo zothungelwano lwemizi-mveliso.Nasi isizathu: Imarike yokutya kunye nesiselo ibeka iimfuno ezingqongqo zococeko kwizixhobo, iinkqubo kunye namacandelo, kubandakanywa izixhobo ezifana nezinzwa zasefektri, iiswitshi zamashishini, ii-activators kunye nezinye izixhobo zothungelwano.Ezi mfuno zempilo zichazwe kumgaqo we-FDA "woThintelo loKutya koLuntu", ukuqinisekisa ukuba "amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo kunye nezilumkiso" zithathwa ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokungcoliseka kokutya.Nangona izixhobo eziqhagamshelwe ngokuyintloko kunqabile ukuba zidibane ngqo nokutya, zonke ziphantsi ngokulinganayo kwimithetho ye-FDA ezibeka esichengeni sejethi zamanzi ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu ngexesha lokucocwa, zizibeka esichengeni sokucoca ngokurhabaxa, umphunga, umhlwa kunye nokufuma.Akunzima ukubona ukuba kutheni abanini bezityalo banokuphinda bacinge ngesigqibo sabo sokubeka izixhobo zothungelwano ezinovakalelo kule ndawo ingaphantsi kweyona ilungileyo.
Ke ngoko, abavelisi bamacandelo enethiwekhi bayafuneka ukuba baphucule itekhnoloji yabo.Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi kwimishini ebaluleke kakhulu yokutshintsha i-Ethernet yeshishini elisebenza njengomqolo wothungelwano.Nangona utshintsho lwe-Ethernet olungaphumeleli luyingxaki enkulu kwindawo yokurhweba, kumashishini okutya kunye nesiselo kunokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwemveliso eyintlekele, ukukhumbula urhulumente, iintlawulo zokulawula kunye nomonakalo wegama lophawu.
Abaqhubekekisi be-F&B banenye ingxaki eyodwa. Abaqhubekekisi be-F&B banenye ingxaki eyodwa. У процессоров F&B есть еще одна уникальная проблема. Abaqhubekekisi be-F&B banenye ingxaki eyodwa.Amashishini okutya anenye ingxaki ekhethekileyo.Iimveliso ezikrwada ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso zihlala zinobomi obufutshane beshelufa kuba uninzi lwazo zizinto eziphilayo.Xa imida yemveliso iphantsi kwexesha elongeziweyo lokungasebenzi ngenxa yokungasebenzi kakuhle okanye ukusilela, imveliso yokuqala kufuneka ilahlwe ngendlela ehambelana nokusingqongileyo.Oku kunokukhokelela kwimirhumo yokulahla inkunkuma eqinileyo kunye nezohlwayo, singasathethi ke ngexabiso elibalulekileyo lokutshintsha izinto ezikrwada ngokwazo kunye nexesha elithathwayo ukucoca umgca ngaphambi kokuba uqalise.
Ngokufika kwe-Industry 4.0, utshintsho lwe-Ethernet luye lwahamba lusuka kwindawo yokhuseleko lomyalelo we-IT kunye nokulawula kwinyani enzima ye-OT shop floor, apho imveliso iyancipha imihla ngemihla ngeengozi ezininzi zokusingqongileyo. Eli nqaku lichaza ukuba zeziphi iimpawu ekufuneka uzijonge kwishishini le-Ethernet switch enokubonelela ngokuthembeka kwexesha elide kwisityalo se-F&B. Eli nqaku lichaza ukuba zeziphi iimpawu ekufuneka uzijonge kwishishini le-Ethernet switch enokubonelela ngokuthembeka kwexesha elide kwisityalo se-F&B. В этой статье рассматривается, какие качества следует искать в промышленном Ethernet-коммутаторе, который может обеспечить долгоспечить долгосленном Eli nqaku lijonga ukuba zeziphi iimpawu ekufuneka uzijonge kwishishini le-Ethernet switch enokubonelela ngokuthembeka kwexesha elide kwiziko le-F&B. В этой статье описывается, какие качества следует искать в коммутаторе I-Industrial Ethernet, чтобы обеспечить долгосрочную надежность на пред & BRICK. Eli nqaku lichaza ukuba zeziphi iimpawu ekufuneka uzijonge kwi-Industrial Ethernet switch ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwexesha elide kwiziko le-F&B.
Phambi kokuba sixoxe ngexabiso lokutshintsha kwe-Industrial Ethernet kwiifektri ze-F&B, makhe sithethe malunga nokuba zenziwa ntoni na iiswitshi ze-Ethernet.
Isitshixo se-Ethernet sisebenza njengomthetheleli.Ifumana ibhloko yedatha okanye "isakhelo" kwelinye lamazibuko, ifunda idilesi ye-MAC yesakhelo, imisela indawo ekuyiwa kuyo, kwaye igqithise idatha kwizibuko lendawo kwiinanoseconds.Idatha inokudluliselwa ngaxeshanye phezu kwamajelo amabini kwiireyithi zedatha ye-100 Mbps ("Fast Ethernet"), i-1 Gbps ("Gigabit Ethernet") kunye nokunyuka kwe-10 Gbps ("10 Gbit Ethernet").ugqithiso kwicala ngalinye).
Iiswitshi ze-Ethernet zilawulwa okanye azilawulwa.Ukukhetha enye okanye enye inketho yokufakela ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zokusebenza zomnini weshishini.Ngokuqhelekileyo, uthungelwano olunesiseko se-topology olunentambo lusebenzisa iiswitshi ezingalawulwayo ezivumela izixhobo ezidityanisiweyo ukuba zinxibelelane omnye nomnye, kodwa kunqabile nabanye.Ukutshintsha okungalawulwayo akubonakali okanye kuyalungiseka kwinethiwekhi ye-IP.Njengezixhobo zeplagi kunye nokudlala, inzuzo yabo ephambili kukuba babonelela ngokukhawuleza, ngexabiso eliphantsi, akukho-uqwalaselo lofakelo kunye nokutshintshwa kwesixhobo esingenangxaki.Ukutshintsha okungalawulwayo kuluncedo kuthungelwano oluncinci ukongeza amazibuko xa esinye isixhobo sisenza ulawulo lwedatha, ukuxilongwa, kunye neminye imisebenzi yolawulo olukrelekrele.Ngokomzekelo, ukutshintshwa okungalawulwayo kunokulawula i-subsystems esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa amacandelo athile kumgca wokuvelisa, kodwa ayikwazi ukulawula ulawulo olubanzi lwenkqubo yokuhlola ividiyo ye-IP ehambisa imifanekiso ephezulu yenkcazo yomgangatho wefektri ngexesha langempela.
Njengoko igama libonisa, iswitshi elawulwayo sisixhobo solawulo esikrelekrele.Ukusebenzisa iswitshi elawulwayo kukuvumela ukuba ulawule ukude, uqwalasele, ubeke iliso, kwaye uxazulule inethiwekhi yakho nge-GUI yewebhu okanye i-SSH/Telnet/Serial CLI.Itshintshi nganye elawulwayo inedilesi yayo ye-IP, ngoko ibonakala njengelungu lenethiwekhi.Iiswitshi ezilawulwayo zikwavumela uthungelwano ekwabelwana ngalo kuzo zonke iifektri.
Uthungelwano oluntsonkothileyo olune-toplogies engafunekiyo luya kufuna iimpawu ezifumaneka kuphela kwiiswitshi ezilawulwayo.Ukutshintsha okulawulwayo kuvumela i-topology engafunekiyo kwizakhiwo zeringi ukunqanda ukulahleka konxibelelwano ngaphandle kokusilela kwekhonkco.Ngamanye amazwi, utshintsho olulawulekayo kufuneka lufakelwe ukuze kwakhiwe uthungelwano losasazo lwedatha olungaphazanyiswa ngokwenene.Iiswitshi ezilawulwayo zibonelela ngotshintsho lwendlela xa indlela eqhelekileyo isilela.Ixesha elithathayo ukufumana nokusebenzisa indlela entsha kwinethiwekhi, ngamanye amaxesha ebizwa ngokuba yi-switchover okanye ixesha lokubuyisela, ipharamitha ephambili ekusebenzeni kokutshintsha. Ngenxa yobume obubalulekileyo bomsebenzi womnatha ongafunekiyo ekuqhubeni, umtshintshi olawulayo owukhethayo kufuneka uxhase iprotocol ye-Ethernet Ring Protection Switch efezekisa <ixesha le-50ms lokubuyisela kwinethiwekhi. Ngenxa yobume obubalulekileyo bomsebenzi womnatha ongafunekiyo ekuqhubeni, umtshintshi olawulayo owukhethayo kufuneka uxhase iprotocol ye-Ethernet Ring Protection Switch efezekisa <ixesha le-50ms lokubuyisela kwinethiwekhi.Ngenxa yobume obubalulekileyo bokuphindaphinda kwenethiwekhi ngexesha lokucubungula, ukutshintshwa okulawulwayo okhethiweyo kufuneka kuxhase iprotocol ye-Ethernet Ring Protection Switch ukuze ufezekise amaxesha okubuyisela inethiwekhi engaphantsi kwe-50ms.Ngenxa yobume obubalulekileyo beenethiwekhi ezingafunekiyo ngexesha lokucutshungulwa, ukutshintshela okulawulwayo okukhethileyo kufuneka kuxhase iprotocol ye-Ethernet Ring Protection Switch, enika ixesha lokubuyisela inethiwekhi elingaphantsi kwe-50 ms.
Izitshixo ezisemgangathweni ze-Ethernet zentengiso azimelani nokusetyenziswa kwamashishini, nokuba zigcinwe kwikhabhinethi.Iiswitshi zodidi lwentengiso ziyilelwe ukufakela ezindlini okanye kumashishini kwaye azikhuselwanga kumanqanaba aphezulu e-EMC, ukothuka, ukungcangcazela, ukufuma, okanye ezinye iingozi zokusingqongileyo.Zenzelwe ubushushu obumxinwa kwaye zisebenzisa umbane omnye we-AC.
Ukutshintsha kwe-Industrial Ethernet, kwelinye icala, yenzelwe iimeko ezingqongileyo ezirhabaxa, nokuba kumashishini okutya nesiselo, iindawo zokucokisa, okanye abenzi beemoto.Yakhiwe ngezixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu, igqwesa iimodeli zorhwebo ngokwemiqathango yokuchitha ubushushu, ukuhambelana kombane kunye nobomi benkonzo.Endaweni yamandla e-AC, bonyusa ukuthembeka ngonikezelo lwamandla lweDC olungafunekiyo lwangaphandle.Ukumelana nokutshatyalaliswa, i-EMC, umswakama, iigesi, iikhemikhali, i-corrosion kunye nothuli, i-Industrial Ethernet switches inokufakwa phantse kuyo nayiphi na indawo enzima, kumaqondo okushisa ukusuka -40 ° C ukuya kwi-70 ° C.Icasi yentsimbi enqabileyo iyafuneka, kwaye iziqhagamshelo ezivaliweyo ezingenamanzi aziyi kwaphuka ukuba isixhobo siphantsi kokungcangcazela okunamandla.
Enye yezi ntlobo zezihlanganisi ezingangeni manzi ibizwa ngokuba yi-M12, apho uM emele i-metric kunye ne-12 imele ubude bedayamitha yangaphandle yomsonto, eyi-12mm.Ngenxa yokuba zingqukuva, ziyakwazi ukusingatha imisinga ephezulu kwaye kulula ukuzifumana ngomlinganiselo wokhuseleko lokungena (IP) kuneziqhagamshelo ezisemgangathweni zoxande kuba ziyakwazi ukumelana nokungcola, isanti, namanzi, nto leyo enokubangela umhlwa kunye nezinye iingxaki.Konke oku kwenza ukuba i-M12 Ethernet itshintshe ilungile kwishishini lokutya kunye nesiselo.Ukongeza, izixhumi ze-M12 zinezabelo ezahlukeneyo zephini ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nenani leempawu, ukudibanisa kunye nekhowudi.Uninzi lweziqhagamshelo ze-Gigabit M12 Ethernet "zinekhowudi ze-X" zogqithiso lwedatha olungenampazamo.Umnqamlezo wesinyithi (i-X-shape) kwikhonkco ihlukanisa ngokukhuselekileyo izibini ezine zedatha.
Iimeko zemizi-mveliso ezirhabaxa zihlala zifuna uloliwe we-DIN oxhonywe kwi-Ethernet switch kwiikhabhathi ezikude okanye iikhabhathi zolawulo eziphambili.Le ndlela ifuna ukuqhuba iintambo ezinde nezinkulu kwizixhobo eziqhagamshelweyo.Ukongeza kwiindleko ezongezelelweyo kunye nobunzima, ukuqhuba iintambo kwindawo yonke kunokudala iingozi zohambo kunye nokuwa.Izindlu zetsimbi ze-IP67 (ezingenamanzi) ezidibeneyo kunye ne-M12 ikhonkco ivumela ukuba ukutshintshwa kwe-Ethernet kufakwe eludongeni okanye umatshini ofakwe ngaphandle kwekhabhinethi yokulawula, ukunciphisa ubude bekhebula kunye nokuphelisa isidingo sokuthenga ikhabhinethi enkulu. Izindlu zesinyithi nazo ziya kumelana nezixhobo kunye nezixhobo kwindawo yokulungisa i-F&B kunye nokugcina eyona migangatho iphezulu yokhuseleko kunye nococeko. Izindlu zesinyithi nazo ziya kumelana nezixhobo kunye nezixhobo kwindawo yokulungisa i-F&B kunye nokugcina eyona migangatho iphezulu yokhuseleko kunye nococeko.Iindawo ezivaliweyo zentsimbi ziyakwazi ukumelana ne-dent kwizixhobo kunye nezixhobo kwiindawo zokutya kunye neziselo kwaye zihlangabezana neyona migangatho iphezulu yokhuseleko kunye nococeko.Izindlu zentsimbi nazo zimelana neempembelelo zezixhobo kunye nezixhobo kwishishini lokutya kwaye zidibana neyona migangatho iphezulu yokhuseleko kunye nococeko.Imiphetho egudileyo yendlu yokutshintsha ikhusela ukukhula kwebhaktheriya kunye nokuqokelelana kwamanzi.
Ukutshintsha kwenethiwekhi zihlala zingahoywa, kodwa ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yephazili yothungelwano.Ukukhetha isitshixo esifanelekileyo sothungelwano sokutya kwakho okanye isityalo sesiselo sixhomekeke kubungakanani bothungelwano lwakho, ubunzima, ukugcwala, kunye nenani loqhagamshelo.Ezi zilandelayo zezinye iimpawu zokutshintsha kwemizi-mveliso ezinokunceda ukuxhasa indima yokutshintsha kwisiseko sothungelwano, nangona uluhlu lude luphele:
Amandla aphezulu kwi-Ethernet (i-PoE) BudgetPoE idibanisa idatha kunye namandla phezu kwekhebula elilodwa le-Ethernet, ukunciphisa ubunzima bokufaka kunye neendleko zokugcina ixesha elide.Amandla okutshintsha alawulwayo i-IEEE 802.3at/af compliant Powered Devices (PDs) ene-30W kwizibuko ngalinye kunye nebhajethi ye-PoE iyonke ye-240W.I-M12 Managed PoE Ethernet Switch inceda ukwenza lula unxibelelwano lwakho ngokunciphisa inani lezixhobo ezongezelelweyo, iingcingo, kunye neevenkile ozifunayo.Ukugcina amandla, iiswitshi ezininzi ezilawulwayo ze-M12 zikwaxhasa ukucwangciswa kwe-PoE kunye nemisebenzi ye-PoE yokuthoba ukuseta ubude bexesha lophawu lwe-PoE kunye namandla afunekayo.Xa ukhetha iswitshi, khetha enye ekuvumela ukuba uhlengahlengise amandla akhoyo kwizibuko ngalinye ukuze ungqinelane neemfuno ezichanekileyo zesixhobo ngasinye esiqhagamshelweyo, ngokwenjenjalo ulungiselela uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwe-PoE.
Amachweba amaninzi e-Gigabit Ethernet Ukutshintsha kwe-Ethernet kunye nee-uplinks ezininzi ze-1G kuyimfuneko xa ufaka okanye uphucula inethiwekhi - amachweba amaninzi, ubungqina bexesha elizayo.Izibuko ezongezelelweyo zegigabit zenza ukwandiswa kube lula kwaye zinikeze ukuguquguquka okudingayo.
I-Layer 3 i-Lightweight Managed Switches Umaleko wesi-3 oLawulwayo oKhanyayo oLawulwayo (LL3) yenye indlela efikelelekayo kuluhlu olupheleleyo lweLayer 3 kunye nophuculo lweLayer 2 switch.Inokwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kwidilesi ye-IP kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo engatshintshiyo efana noLuhlu lwe-3 lokutshintsha.Umahluko kukuba i-Lightweight Layer 3 switch ayixhasi iiprothokholi zomzila, kuphela umzila we-static.Ukutshintsha kweLayer 3 eLula kukuvumela ukuba wenze iiVLAN, iindlela zeVLAN, kunye neendlela ze-IP ezisekelwe kwiindlela ezimileyo.
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-Cyber kwishishini lokutya liye lanyuka, kunye neenkampani ezincinci zokutya ezintlanu ezihlaselwe yi-ransomware ukususela ngo-2017. I-Lightweight Layer 3 itshintshe i-monitor kunye nokubeka iliso kwinethiwekhi ukuze izoyikiso ezisebenzayo zivaliwe.Iinguqu ezininzi ze-Ethernet zibonelela ngokhuseleko olubanzi lwenethiwekhi, ezixhasa iiakhawunti ezininzi zabasebenzisi, ii-ACL, i-RADIUS, i-TACACS +, i-SSH, i-HTTPS / SSL, i-IP Source Guard, i-802.1x, kunye nokunye.
Umgangatho weNkonzo (QoS) Iiswitshi ezininzi ezilawulwayo zixhasa uMgangatho weNkonzo, osetyenziselwa ukwahlula iindidi zezithuthi eziphawulwe yinethiwekhi kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zenkonzo.Ngokwenza njalo, banciphisa ukuxinana kwenethiwekhi ngokulahla okanye ukunciphisa i-traffic-priority-priority ngexesha lexesha lokuhamba okuphezulu.Ukuhamba kwetrafikhi kunciphisa okanye kuphelisa ukuxinana kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo zothungelwano.Ukongezelela, ukutshintsha okulawulwayo kunokusetyenziswa njenge-VLAN ukwahlula izixhobo ezithintekayo kumanqanaba aphezulu e-traffic, ukunciphisa ukungqubana kunye nokulahlekelwa kwezixhobo ezisebenza njengamacandelo e-LAN.Ukuba nokutshintsha kwe-Ethernet kunye neQoS kunye neVLAN kuya kunceda ukukhusela inethiwekhi yonxibelelwano kwixesha elizayo.
Ukhuseleko lokuNgena (IP) 67 Iqondo le-IP67 lithetha ukuba indawo ebiyelweyo ikhusela izixhobo zangaphakathi kwiziphumo eziyingozi zamanzi nothuli.IP67 iqondo lokutshintsha kwamashishini libonelela ngokhuseleko eluthulini nasekutyeni okanye kumasuntswana enkunkuma avaleleke kumasuntswana aqinileyo.Idityaniswe nokuxhathisa kwamanzi okutshizwa kombhobho, kulula ukubona ukuba kutheni abadibanisi bekhetha i-IP67-inqanaba le-M12 Utshintsho oluLawulwayo lokutya kunye nothungelwano lwesiselo.
Ukukhetha iiswitshi ezichanekileyo ze-Ethernet zeshishini yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka, ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwenethiwekhi yakho yeshishini.
Umxholo oXhasiweyo licandelo elikhethekileyo elihlawulweyo apho iinkampani zoshishino zibonelela ngomgangatho, ngokungakhethi cala, umxholo ongeyontengiso kwizihloko ezinomdla kubaphulaphuli bobunjineli bokutya.Yonke imixholo exhasiweyo inikezelwa ziinkampani zentengiso.Unomdla wokuthatha inxaxheba kwicandelo lethu lomxholo oxhaswe ngemali?Qhagamshelana nommeli wendawo yakho.
Joyina i-Hixson Architecture & Engineering kwi-25th yonyaka kwi-webinar yethu yokutya kwi-webinar yexesha elizayo, ukuhanjiswa kweeProjekthi zeNkunzi kwiNdawo yokuThengisa, eya kuphonononga imingeni yokunikezelwa kweeprojekthi kwixesha lokuphazamiseka kwekhonkco lokubonelela.
Ukudibanisa ubunzulu besayensi kunye nokusebenza, le ncwadi isebenza njengesixhobo sabafundi abaphumeleleyo kunye neenjineli zokutya ezisebenzayo, amagcisa kunye nabaphandi abafuna ulwazi oluhlaziyiweyo malunga neenkqubo zenguqu kunye nolondolozo, kunye nolawulo lwenkqubo kunye nezihloko ze-phytosanitary.